Exploration and Analysis of Combinations of Hamming Codes in 32-bit Memories

Reducing the threshold voltage of electronic devices increases their sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation dramatically, increasing the probability of changing the memory cells' content. Designers mitigate failures using techniques such as Error Correction Codes (ECCs) to maintain information integrity. Although there are several studies of ECC usage in spatial application memories, there is still no consensus in choosing the type of ECC as well as its organization in memory. This work analyzes some configurations of the Hamming codes applied to 32-bit memories in order to use these memories in spatial applications. This work proposes the use of three types of Hamming codes: Ham(31,26), Ham(15,11), and Ham(7,4), as well as combinations of these codes. We employed 36 error patterns, ranging from one to four bit-flips, to analyze these codes. The experimental results show that the Ham(31,26) configuration, containing five bits of redundancy, obtained the highest rate of simple error correction, almost 97\%, with double, triple, and quadruple error correction rates being 78.7\%, 63.4\%, and 31.4\%, respectively. While an ECC configuration encompassed four Ham(7.4), which uses twelve bits of redundancy, only fixes 87.5\% of simple errors

O impacto da Parceria Transatlântica de Comércio e Investimento (TTIP) para as economias norte-americana e europeia

The objective of this work is to verify the impact of the creation of a free trade area between the United States and the European Union, known as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), in the economies of these regions. For this purpose, it was used the model of General Equilibrium (GTAPinGAMS) from the database of the General Equilibrium Analysis Project of the Brazilian Economy (PAEG). In this sense, two scenarios were created, the first with the elimination of import tariff s between the EU and the US, and the second with the full liberalization of trade. The results indicate that the economic impacts in the first scenario would be more positive for the US than for the EU. However, the eff ects of the agreement would not be sufficient to ensure the TTIP. In the second scenario, the EU would be the most benefited, because the deal provokes greater economic efficiency gains and suggests the importance of subsidies in the consolidation of the block.Keywords: regional integration, international trade, TTIP.O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar o impacto da criação de uma área de livre comércio entre Estados Unidos e União Europeia, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), nas economias dessas regiões. Para tal, utilizou-se o Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral (GTAPinGAMS), a partir da base de dados do Projeto de Análise de Equilíbrio Geral da Economia Brasileira (PAEG). Nesse sentido, foram constituídos dois cenários, o primeiro com a eliminação das tarifas de importação entre UE e EUA, e o segundo aborda a liberalização total de comércio. Os resultados encontrados indicam que os impactos econômicos, no primeiro cenário, seriam mais positivos para os EUA do que para a UE. Contudo, os efeitos do acordo não seriam sufi cientes para a efetivação do TTIP. No segundo cenário, a UE seria a mais beneficiada, pois provoca maiores ganhos de eficiência econômica e sugere a importância dos subsídios na consolidação do bloco.Palavras-chave: integração regional, comércio internacional, TTIP

Teste da convergência do PIB per capita da agropecuária no brasil entre 1980 e 2004

Este estudo testa as hipóteses das convergências absoluta, condicional e sigma, para o PIB agropecuário per capita (PIBAGpc). Nas simulações com a convergência-&#946; absoluta, os parâmetros foram significativos (&#945; =1%) e sinais desses estão em consonância com a teoria econômica. Esses resultados sustentam a convergência do PIBAGpc de cada UF para o estado estacionário. A convergência-&#946; condicional revelou a significância (&#945; =1%) dos parâmetros estimados e os seus sinais coerentes teoricamente. Portanto, PIBAGpc de cada UF converge para seu próprio estado estacionário, quando considerado o desempenho ativo do capital humano. Contudo, os resultados da convergência-&#963; não sustentaram a hipótese de convergência do PIBAGpc brasileiro.<br>This study tests the absolute, conditional and sigma convergence hypothesis, for the agricultural GDP per capita (GDPAGpc). In the simulations with the absolute &#946;-convergence, parameters were significant (&#945; =1%) and signs of these theoretically consistent. These results support the convergence of GDPAGpc for each state of the country to a steady state condition. The conditional &#946;-convergence revealed significant (&#945; =1%) of the estimated parameters and their signals theoretically consistent. Therefore, the GDPAGpc of each state of the country converges to its own steady state when the active performance of the human capital is considered. However, the results of &#963;-convergence did not support the Brazilian GDPpc convergence hypothesis